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電磁閥應(yīng)用
1、2位3通電磁閥控制單作用氣缸:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥為常閉電磁閥,處于失電狀態(tài),單作用氣缸活塞由彈簧作用在氣缸左側(cè)。
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電,電磁閥P口與A口通,氣源由A口進入氣缸,氣缸活塞右移。
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥失電,電磁閥A口與R口通,氣缸通過電磁閥放氣,活塞在彈簧作用下回到左側(cè)。
2、2位3通電磁閥控制氣動薄膜驅(qū)動部:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥為常閉電磁閥,處于失電狀態(tài),氣動薄膜驅(qū)動部的推桿由彈簧作用下停在上位;
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電,電磁閥P口與A口通,氣源由A口進入薄膜驅(qū)動部上氣室,推動推桿下移;
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥失電,電磁閥A口與R口通,薄膜氣室通過電磁閥放氣,推桿在彈簀作用下回到上位。
3、 2位5通單電控電磁閥控制雙作用氣缸:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥失電狀態(tài),電磁閥P口與A口相通, 氣源通過A口進入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部左側(cè)氣室,活塞停在右側(cè),B口與S口相通,與B口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的右側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài);
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電,電磁閥P口與B口通,氣源由B口進入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部右側(cè)氣室,活塞移動到左側(cè),A口與R口相通, 與R口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的左側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài);
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥恢復初始狀態(tài)。
4、 2位5通雙電控電磁閥控制雙作用氣缸:左側(cè)線圈得電狀態(tài):電磁閥左側(cè)線圈得電,電磁閥P口與A口通,氣源由A口進入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部-側(cè)氣室,推動活塞到氣缸另一側(cè),B口與S口相通,與B口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的另一側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài),在另一側(cè)線圈不得電之前會保持該狀態(tài)不動;
右側(cè)線圈得電狀態(tài):電磁閥右側(cè)線圈得電,電磁閥P口與B口通,氣源由B口進入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部一側(cè)氣室, 推動活塞到氣缸另一側(cè),A口與R口相通,與A口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的另一側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài),在另一側(cè)線圈不得電之前會保持該狀態(tài)不動。
液動換向閥
工作原理:
利用控制油路的油液壓力來改變閥芯位置的換向閥。
特點:
(1) 換向速度易于控制,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、動作平穩(wěn)可靠;
(2)由于液壓驅(qū)動力大,適用于大流量的場合;
(3)其控制油路必須有開關(guān)或換向裝置。
⑤電液動換向閥
組成
電磁閥:電磁閥負責液動閥控制油路的換向,起先導作用。
液動閥:負責主油路的換向。
特點:
(1)換向平穩(wěn)無沖擊;
(2)允許通過的流量大。
4、換向閥的滑閥機能
常態(tài)位:
換向閥的閥芯未受到外部操縱力作用時所處的位置。
滑閥機能:
閥芯處于常態(tài)位(原始位置)時各油口的連通方式。如二位閥有“常通型”、常斷型
中位機能:三位換向閥的閥芯在中間位置時,各油口的連通方式,稱為換向閥的中位機能。
壓力控制閥
作用:
用來控制液壓傳動系統(tǒng)中油液的壓力,以滿足執(zhí)行元件所要求的力和轉(zhuǎn)矩。
類型:
溢流閥、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等。
共同點:
利用作用在閥芯上的液壓力和彈簧力相平衡的原理工作。
溢流閥
類型:直動式、先導式
作用:
(1)在不斷溢流過程中保持系統(tǒng)壓力恒定,起穩(wěn)壓和溢流作用(p,FP
系統(tǒng)’閥口常開) ;
(2)防止液壓系統(tǒng)過載,起安全保護作用(p,=1.1~1.2p,max,閥口常閉)
(一)溢流閥的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其工作原理
1、直動式溢流閥
工作原理:
直接利用液壓力與彈簧力相平衡以控制閥芯的啟閉動作,從而保證進油口壓力基本恒定。
特點:
①閥芯所受的液壓力全靠彈簧力平衡,故當系統(tǒng)壓力很高時,彈簧必須很硬,導致結(jié)構(gòu)笨重,調(diào)壓不輕便。一般用于壓力小于2.5MPa的低壓系統(tǒng)中,作安全閥或背壓閥使用。
②由于慣性或負載的變化,導致q、變化,即開口度h的變化,由于k很大,所以p不穩(wěn)定,穩(wěn)壓精度差;
③結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、便宜,但工作時易產(chǎn)生振動和噪音。
2、
先導式溢流閥
結(jié)構(gòu):先導調(diào)壓部分:控制主閥的溢流壓力;主閥部分:溢流
工作原理:
利用主閥芯上下兩端液體壓力差與彈簧力相平衡的原理來進行壓力控制。
特點:
①因為錐閥作用面積很小,即使壓力很高,彈簧剛度仍不大,調(diào)壓輕便;
②因為主閥彈簧很軟,因此溢流量變化時,壓力波動小。靜態(tài)特性好;
③能適應(yīng)各種不同的調(diào)壓范圍的要求;
④主閥芯采用錐面閥座式結(jié)構(gòu)密封,沒有搭合量,動作靈敏。
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液壓傳動基本原理
從原理上來說,液壓傳動所基于的最基本的原理就是帕斯卡原理,就是說,液體各處的壓強是一致的,這樣,在平衡的系統(tǒng)中,比較小的活塞上面施加的壓力比較小,而大的活塞上施加的壓力也比較大,這樣能夠保持液體的靜止。所以通過液體的傳遞,可以得到不同端上的不同的壓力,這樣就可以達到一個變換的目的。我們所常見到的液壓千斤頂就是利用了這個原理來達到力的傳遞。液壓傳動中所需要的元件主要有動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件等。其中液壓動力元件是為液壓系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生動力的部件,主要包括各種液壓泵。液壓泵依靠容積變化原理來工作,所以一般也稱為容積液壓泵。齒輪泵是最常見的一-種液壓泵,它通過兩個嚙合的齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)動使得液體進行運動。其他的液壓泵還有葉片泵、柱塞泵,在選擇液壓泵的時候主要需要注意的問題包括消耗的能量、效率、降低噪音。液壓執(zhí)行元件是用來執(zhí)行將液壓泵提供的液壓能轉(zhuǎn)變成機械能的裝置,主要包括液壓缸和液壓馬達。液壓馬達是與液壓泵做相反的工作的裝置,也就是把液壓的能量轉(zhuǎn)換稱為機械能,從而對外做功。液壓控制元件用來控制液體流動的方向、壓力的高低以及對流量的大小進行預期的控制,以滿足特定的工作要求。正是因為液壓控制元器件的靈活性,使得液壓控制系統(tǒng)能夠完成不同的活動。液壓控制元件按照用途可以分成壓力控制閥、流量控制閥、方向控制閥。按照操作方式可以分成人力操縱閥、機械操縱法、電動操縱閥等。除了上述的元件以外,液壓控制系統(tǒng)還需要液壓輔助元件。這些元件包括管路和管接頭、油箱、過濾器.蓄能器和密封裝置。通過以上的各個器件,我們就能夠建設(shè)出一個液壓回路。所謂液壓回路就是通過各種液壓器件構(gòu)成的相應(yīng)的控制回路。根據(jù)不同的控制目標,我們能夠設(shè)計不同的回路,比如壓力控制回路、速度控制回路、多缸工作控制回路等。根據(jù)液壓傳動的結(jié)構(gòu)及其特點,在液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計中,首先要進行系統(tǒng)分析,然后擬定系統(tǒng)的原理圖,其中這個原理圖是用液壓機械符號來表示的。
之后通過計算選擇液壓器件,進而再完成系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計和調(diào)試。這個過程中,原理圖的繪制是最關(guān)鍵的。它決定了一個設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)劣。液壓傳動的應(yīng)用性是很強的,比如裝卸堆碼機液壓系統(tǒng),它作為一種倉儲機械,在現(xiàn)代化的倉庫里利用它實現(xiàn)紡織品包、油桶、木桶等貨物的裝卸機械化工作。也可以應(yīng)用在萬能外圓磨床液壓系統(tǒng)等生產(chǎn)實踐中。這些系統(tǒng)的特點是功率比較大,生產(chǎn)的效率比較高,平穩(wěn)性比較好。
因為氣液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點,因此它在民用工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用更加廣泛。小到一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機械、壓力機械、機床等;行走機械中的工程機械、建筑機械、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、汽車等;大到鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等;土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機構(gòu)等;發(fā)電廠渦輪機調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等國;船舶用的甲板起重機械、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進器等;特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測量浮標、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺等。
現(xiàn)在的工業(yè)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為了一個相當龐大的工業(yè)體系,可以分為制造業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)等幾大部門,液壓與氣動技術(shù)在制造業(yè)和建筑業(yè)中應(yīng)用的較多,特別是大型的裝備制造業(yè)中,氣液壓的作用相當重要,例如我們經(jīng)常見到的挖掘機、推土機、鏟車等,都是通過一個個的液壓桿來傳遞動力,從而指使各個部件運動,最終達到工作目的。建筑業(yè)中,大型的軌行式施工機械,可以將重達幾百噸幾千噸的材料運送到規(guī)定的地點并完成工作,例如高鐵高架橋的修建,大部分的橋梁
部件都是在一個地方澆灌鑄成,然后再用運輸車運送到大橋上安裝上的,整個過程需要功率相當大的液壓組合機械來完成。
氣液壓作為一個廣泛應(yīng)用的技術(shù),在未來更是有廣闊的前景。隨著社會主義建設(shè)步伐的加快,我國交通、能源、鐵路、民航等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)進程的快速發(fā)展,大型建筑施工和資源開發(fā)規(guī)模不斷擴大,工程機械在市場上的需求大大增加,各個方面對于氣壓液壓的依賴會越來越強,而且要求也會越來越高,同時,這些大型工程面臨的作業(yè)環(huán)境更為苛刻、工祝條件更為復雜等所帶來的挑戰(zhàn),也進一步推動著對氣液壓傳動技術(shù)的深入研究,隨著計算機技術(shù)的深入發(fā)展,液壓控制系統(tǒng)可以和智能控制的技術(shù)、計算機控制的技術(shù)等技術(shù)結(jié)合起來,這樣就能夠在更多的場合中發(fā)揮作用。以更加精巧的、更加靈活地完成預期的控制任務(wù)。氣液壓傳動技術(shù)已經(jīng)在各個方面改變了人類的生活,但始終不能滿足人們的要求,氣液壓傳動技術(shù)還有很大的發(fā)展空間。
液壓挖掘機是工程機械的一個重要品種,是一種廣泛用于建筑、鐵路、公路、水利、采礦等建設(shè)工程的土方機械。液壓挖掘機利用液壓元件(液壓泵、液壓馬達、液壓缸等)帶動各種構(gòu)件動作,具有許多優(yōu)點,于是它對液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計提出了很高的要求,其液壓系統(tǒng)也是工程機械液壓系統(tǒng)中最為復雜的。挖掘機由多個系統(tǒng)組成,包括液壓系統(tǒng),傳動系統(tǒng),操縱系統(tǒng),工作裝置,底架,轉(zhuǎn)臺,油箱,發(fā)動機安裝等。